Mentafsir lukisan kanak-kanak

Every child is an artist. Itulah kata-kata Pablo Picasso. Tapi, Picasso menyambung ayat tersebut dengan kata-kata, "...the problem is how to remain an artist once we grow up." Kata orang, melukis ni minat. Itulah minat aku, walaupun mak marah sebab conteng dinding. Tapi bagi sesiapa yang ada anak yang suka melukis, korang boleh paham di sebalik misteri lukisan anak-anak korang. Itu pun kalau korang bagi anak-anak korang pegang pensel warna, pensel 2B, marker or magic pen.

Menurut Carl Jung, pakar psikologi, seni lukis sebenarnya sejenis terapi. Membiarkan kanak-kanak mengembangkan imaginasi dalam setiap pemerhatian diorang adalah komunikasi non verbal- menggambarkan reaksi wajah, pergerakan tubuh, postur dan gambaran bahasa badan dalam lukisan. Setiap lukisan menunjukkan perilaku, sikap, personaliti dan bentuk pemikiran kanak-kanak. Jadi, luangkan masa individu untuk anak korang. Diulang...masa individu. Pada masa individu itulah korang akan nampak di sebalik pemikiran seorang kanak-kanak. Kalau korang gabungkan anak korang, kongsi pensel warna, apa yang korang nampak cuma peperangan. Well, kids~

Sesungguhnya bukan senang nak paham lukisan budak. Macam cakaran. Tapi untuk memahami misteri lukisan kanak-kanak, korang mestilah:

1. Faham sebab apa lukisan itu dihasilkan.Adakah ia mengandungi benda baik atau pelik? Jika ada perkara pelik, kanak-kanak itu sedang mengalami masalah.
2. Apa yang korang rasa di sebalik lukisan itu? Adakah ia memberi makna gembira atau marah? Jika marah, cari punca kemarahan.
3. Perhatikan penggunaan warna lukisan. Jika ia kelihatan lembut dan kemas, emosi kanak-kanak dalam keadaan yang baik. Jika ia kelihatan serabut dan keras, emosi kanak-kanak tidak baik.
4. Kira jumlah penggunaan warna. Jika lebih dari 5 warna, perkembangan emosi kanak-kanak itu stabil. Jika kanak-kanak melebihi 3-4 tahun menggunakan warna yang sedikit, kanak-kanak mengalami masalah emosi. Mungkin fizikal.
5. Kenalpasti alat lukisan yang digunakan oleh kanak-kanak. Jika kanak-kanak lebih menggemari pensel biasa berbanding pensel warna, berkemungkinan kanak-kanak itu kurang menyerlah dan kurang positif (rendah diri).
6. Kenalpasti subjek lukisan kanak-kanak. Jika lukisan dipenuhi subjek sampingan, kanak-kanak cuba menarik perhatian. Kanak-kanak yang impulsif (gemar menurut kata hati) biasanya tidak melengkapkan lukisan mereka, lukisan kelihatan terlalu kasual (berhati-hati) dan sukar untuk dikawal.

Dan sekarang, jom kenal pasti sedikit lukisan anak buah aku (sebab aku tak ada anak).

Lukisan ni dilukis oleh my niece, dengan bantuan komunikasi tanpa tunjuk ajar. Katanya, ini orang. Ada kepala tapi tak ada badan. Penggunaan warna hitam ni biasanya menggambarkan pemberontakan tapi disebabkan aku yang mintak dia guna warna hitam ni, so, pengaruh warna tak ada kaitan. Lukisan ni lebih kepada sifat kreativiti. Aku suka lukisan ini sebab ia menampakkan sifat anak-anak yang comel.

Lukisan ni dibuat dengan bantuan tunjuk ajar. Katanya dia nak belajar melukis, jadi aku ajarkan. Pemilihan warna ni dibuat oleh dia sendiri, aku tak pilih. Penggunaan warna merah ni biasanya membawa maksud kekuatan, unik, agresif, hiperaktif, esentrik, dan sifat teruja. Well, macam itulah maknanya. My niece memang agresif dan esentrik. Nampak lukisan bunga kaler oren kat sebelah kiri? Lukisan sebelah kiri ni biasanya berkaitan dengan perkara lepas dan juga ibu. Kebetulan dia nak aku snap gambar lukisan ni dan hantar kat ibu dia, which is my kakak. Korang boleh relate, kalau lukisan dilukis sebelah kanan, ia berkaitan dengan masa depan dan bapa.

Lukisan ni atas bantuan tunjuk ajar. Lukisan budak lelaki pertama yang dia lukis, memilih warna hijau. Penggunaan warna hijau membawa maksud kebebasan, keras kepala, pendesak, bertenang dan sifat berhati-hati. Memang, masa melukis buat pertama kalinya guna marker, my niece memang berhati-hati dan bertenang. Tapi selepas dia selesa guna marker, sifat kebebasan, keras kepala, dan pendesak mula muncul. Di bahagian bawah, matahari dilukis dengan warna coklat. Coklat membawa maksud lesu, malas, fizikal yang tidak selesa. Kebetulan masa tu, my niece duduk tak berapa nak diam. 

Lukisan bunga tulip dalam pasu ni dilukis dengan bantuan tunjuk ajar. Penggunaan warna biru dalam lukisan adalah warna kegemaran kanak-kanak selain merah, hijau dan kuning. Korang boleh nampak ada warna kuning di sebelah tulip. Katanya nak lukis tulip dan burung. Biru membawa maksud caring dan enjoy company. Itu maksudnya, my niece gembira masa duduk melukis dengan aku. Pengaruh warna kuning tu membawa maksud sifat riang dan bijak. Betul, my niece memang riang ria tahap hari Raya. Becok pun boleh tahan.

Lukisan teddy bear dengan penggunaan warna hitam, atas bantuan tunjuk ajar tapi warna ni my niece yang pilih. Pada masa tu, emosi my niece merosot. Dah mula bosan, merengek, membebel. Hitam membawa maksud dominan, dia cuba nak kuasai aku dengan mintak yang bukan-bukan. Tangan pun mula gatal-gatal usik barang aku. Tukar strategi, aku bagi kertas kosong dan suruh dia melukis apa je dia suka. At the end, dia lukis entah apa-apa entah. Tak apa, asalkan dia bertenang.

Subjek lukisan kanak-kanak biasanya bergantung pada usia dan persekitaran. Kanak-kanak ada gaya dan subjek kegemaran mereka tersendiri. Lukisan kanak-kanak biasanya lebih ke arah mood dan tahap psikologi . Jadi, ia mungkin sangat membantu untuk memahami dan menangani kelakuan kanak-kanak serta memantau perkembangan emosi kanak-kanak dengan lebih baik. Dalam erti kata lain, adakah anak anda membesar dengan  normal? Well, kids. Suka buat aku pening...

Sebelum tutup entri, sila kenalpasti struktur lukisan kanak-kanak melalui umur.

• 2-4 tahun: lukisan cakar ayam.
• 4 tahun: lukisan banyak garis.
• 5-6 tahun: lukisan deskriptif, lukisan konsep, kurang sempurna (belum jelas dari segi perbezaan jantina atau bentuk).
• 7-8 tahun: lukisan representatif, lukisan yang menggambarkan persekitaran sekeliling (serangga, haiwan, pokok dan sebagainya)
• 9-10 tahun: Lukisan mula jelas (kesempurnaan figura manusia dan sebagainya) dan kadang-kadang bersifat kritikal.

@themagi2014
Ruj:
Artful Kids
Orange Elephant
Parents.com
Loving your child

Problems in Relationship

credits: seriously-maybe.com

Relationship, I never be in one. I am not intend to. I loved watching people, get along, walk down and up, then scratching each other. Well, I guess, that's love. 

People in relationship often said that, "love is pain", or "love is misery" but they never stop chasing love. Because that's makes them alive. I do need love. I love my family, my God and myself. I think that's good enough. But not everyone is simpleton as mine. And still, that relationship is much killing than living.

I told you, I loved watching people. Let me tell ya why they got problems in relationship.

1. Jealous. When you got this disease, you act differently than your brain's order. You decided to put handcuffs over your partner and keep them so you can tame them.

2. The invention of nagging. You invent few spiteful words. It can be extremely faster than a bullet. That's because you don't get any response, and your request has been delayed.

3. Perfection. You want a perfection. You can't accept wrong, incompetency, helpless, insecurity, or threats from your partner. It drives you crazy.

4. Mother syndrome. This is for girls. They began to act motherly. Men must know to do work. If they did the job, you can't accept the result. So you say, "Even if he does it, it won't be done right." That's so pain in the ass.

5. Single syndrome. This is for boys. They know they're in relationship. But they made themselves in splendid pleasure of single-dom. I don't know whether they forgot, looking for new candies, dumb or naturally born inside their DNA.

6. Toxic behaviors. You suddenly snipe, expect too much, plenty of doubts, refuse efforts, make busy, bark like a dog, lack of voice tone, uninterested and yes, rebel. That's how it goes. Once you want to bound yourself with someone, and next you want to be free. Later, you want to set back a new string. Then, you cut the rope.

7. Fantasy is no more. At first, everything is sweet. Even when you're painful, and you cry; it seems like you drink a water, but the sweetness of a candy still intact. But sooner or later, the sweetness will gone. When it's gone, that's the end.

8. Too much reasons, too much excuses, too much accusations. You think that you're living a cruel world.

9. You refused to own the problem. Faster you ended it, the better it is. But you wouldn't care how you ended it. 

10. Defense. Everyone thinks that they're right. You say, "I'm just being a good", or  "I did try my best" or et cetera. You know, creating that sentence means that, you want to defense yourself. Just like Mr. Red says in Shawshank Redemption, 'everyone is innocent'. It's difficult to admit guilty.

Human's connection is very complex. You can read thousands of motivation books or guides, but this will happen in every civilization because that's how it goes.

@themagi2014

Sarawak's Old Folk Stories

I am not very old. 26 years old is not the 'old folks'. But, the charm of past life always tackles my attention, my desire to know more about people in the past. And I always open my mind and my ear to any stories during 50s, 60s, 70s or 80s at Kuching. I also keep some of my past life experience in order to supply my writing in the future. I'll be old one day and at that time, my story is 'the old folk stories'.

My parent loves to tell me the old folk stories. Even I am 26, they still sit around me and tell some stories in their past.  Let me tell you some of it. And please pardon me for my broken English =)

Astana Open Day

Today, Astana, the official residence for TYT Sarawak is a piece of history. This place is used for official ceremonies and often closed to public. And no one can stand very close to the gate. Only the housekeeping workers and on-duty police can go in and out at this place. Back to late 60s, when Regatta took its place at Sungai Sarawak, the Astana's gate will open to visitors. This place was merry and happy. My mom told me there was once she went to Regatta with my uncle and my grandpa. My uncle was still a kid back then. She wore a blouse, and hold my grandpa's hand with a lot of excitement. After a hot day of Regatta, they got invited by Astana workers to come inside and enjoy good day lunch. Of course, the Astana itself, no one can enter the circle. But the whole yard was filled with happy visitors. And now, the wonderful memory of Astana Open Day is long gone.

Free Ice Cream

My grandpa, my mom and my uncle

Maal Hijrah and Maulud Nabi celebration is full of joy and friendliness. Muslim people will walk on the road, or 'berarak' with banners or 'sepanduk' and they will repeatedly chant the confession of faith in unison (zikir). Today, this two celebrations are merrier than before. But, the best part about the past was the humble people around. My mom told me, she didn't sure either Maal Hijrah or Maulud Nabi, but she still remember, how she insisted to follow my grandpa with her brother (my uncle) to Padang Merdeka and join the procession in 1967. After a long day under a hot sun, the procession meets the end. Soon they feel tired and exhausted, free ice creams come right over. My mom said that she was very happy because of free ice cream, she forgot how hot the day was.

The Expensive Sugarcane

Sugarcane was favorite at the kampung and it was the 'thirst-quench' or the 'tidbits'. My dad really loved sugarcane, he chopped it in small size and keep it close to the roof because he didn't want my grandma give it to the neighbour who loves to request free tidbits. Until one day, my dad's sugarcane supply has exhausted. My dad went to the same neighbour who loves to request free tidbits to them, because they have few big sugarcane at the backyard. However, the neighbour, never feel ashamed to request before, scolded my dad and chase him away. Angry by the incident, my dad hide at the back of the neighbour's sugarcane and cut some of it and prick the head of sugarcane into the soil. My dad said that, "I was angry, so I cut some of their sugarcane because they always request my sugarcane before. When I request politely, they scolded me badly. But I was not very evil, I pricked the sugarcane's head so it can cultivate once again." Yes it was, the sugarcane re-cultivate, and the neighbour can't stop wondering why the sugarcane is not taller like it supposed to be.

Bee Tai's Fashionista

There is a fashion shop at India Street, Kuching. The name was Bee Tai, and they still using the same name until now. Before other fashion shop appeared at Kuching, before Plaza Merdeka showed up, Bee Tai was the center of fashion for fashionista. Girls bought shoes, blouse, midi skirts and all kinds of newest style of clothes at here. My mom even begged to my grandma because she wants new skirt. And my mom loved this place for years. Until now, when she got a chance, she will stand in front of Bee Tai and said to me, "See, I used to come here when I was young. I loved to buy shirts at here. Now, the time passed really fast. Bee Tai is getting old and I wonder what will happen to Bee Tai in the future." 

The Dead Mattress

When I was a child, I have a green mattress, given by my grandma and I liked that mattress. I used it several years until we transferred into our new house and my mom decided to throw my old mattress away. I asked her before, "Why, I liked that mattress. It's comfy and cool." Then my mom said, "Just use the big one. Don't used your old mattress anymore. That's the dead mattress. Your grandma got it for free, through funeral ceremonies." At first I don't understand. Later my mom explained it to me that back then, when a family held a funeral ceremonies and prepared 'makan tahlil', they received condolences gifts from neighbours such as mattress, pillows or mats. Some of it might be used to underlay 'jenazah' (the dead person). Because they received too much of those things, they gave it to other neighbours. And that was how my grandma got that green mattress, and gave it to me. Sometimes I wonder, did the green mattress was used as the underlayer of someone's dead body?

Fiesta at Kampung Gersik

Today, Kampung Gersik is famous because of Dayang Selhah's layered cake. Sarawak layered-cake is very famous in Malaysia, among domestic and foreign tourists. FYI, Sarawak layered cake was inspired by the colourful cake from Kalimantan, and Sarawakian reinvented the recipe and make it more beautiful and complex. Back in 60s, Kampung Gersik was famous for local celebration, especially drum-beat activity or known by the Sarawak Malay as 'bergendang'. My grandpa loves the local celebration; Regatta, bergendang, Muslim's procession and so on. So, whenever he heard the news, he will go out, took a ride inside 'perahu tambang' and enjoy 'bergendang' activity. Until one night, the fiesta ended quite late and my grandpa walk alone to Pengkalan Che Omar (or Pangkalan Boyan). Bad luck, my grandpa was chased by the legend  wake-up ghost, the 'Hantu Kayong' that attack Kuching during 1970s. My grandpa was one of the victim. He was very scared, he spend hours running between the banana tree so that ghost can't hugged him from behind and finally, he saw 'perahu tambang' reached the jetty. He quickly jumped into the boat and ask the owner to send him back to Pengkalan Batu (also known as Pangkalan Sapi). It was the worse night ever.

The Hajj Moment at Che Omar

Che Omar or Cik Omar, it was the old name of Pangkalan Boyan at Kampung Boyan. Today, it is the entrance to the open air of Malay restaurants, the bling-bling place across the glorious hotels at Tebingan Kuching. Back in 1960s, it was the main place for people to send their love one, their family member who went to hajj or 'naik Haji' at Mekah. A big ship awaits the holy visitors who brought foods, kettle, pots and even a big trunk to keep the food supply because the journey period to Mekah is very long and exhausted. The pilgrims have to prepare everything during their time on the ship (my mom told me the journey took 3 months before the season of Hajj begin). Just imagine it, a big ship in the middle of Sarawak river, connected to the jetty of Che Omar and welcomed the pilgrims to come inside, and the tears of families, and the handkerchief's waving to say goodbye-knowing that the possibilities not to meet anymore is quite high. It was a melancholic moment. The sad thing was, when the pilgrim suddenly died during the voyage, people have to send him/her down into the sea. And that was the last resting place for them.

The Meaning of Cent

credits:lestariweb.com

Tidbits were cheap in the past. As far as I can remember, when I was in primary school, junk foods cost me 10 cent for one small 'keropok', 20 cent for a little big 'keropok', 5 cent of a piece of sweet, and 30 cent for a piece of cucumber and 'petis udang'. Other than that, a bowl of porridge or 'laksa Sarawak' was 50 cent, a bowl of fried rice also 50 cent and sometimes 'nasi ayam' cost was RM1. It was quite cheap compared to today's canteen food. However, back to late 60s and early 70s, 'keropok', sweets and ice ball's cost was just few cents. My mom have 10 cent, and she got 2 packs of small 'keropok', lollipop, sweet and ice ball. Sometimes, she didn't used local coins to bought that stuff, she used Singapore 10 cents or Brunei 10 cents. During that time, Kuching was open to those currency, the shopkeeper accept that coin as long it is money until mid 70s. It was the end of Singapore and Brunei 10 cent.

@themagi2014

Sejarah Tempatan: Bendera Sarawak Era Brooke

[Dah lama rasanya tak update sesuatu tentang hometown]

Sedikit kisah>>>

credits: bolly1wc.blogspot

James Brooke menjadi Rajah Pertama di Sarawak pada September 1841. Beliau mengubahsuai bendera St. George, sebuah palang merah berlatarbelakangkan warna putih dalam bentuk panji burung layang-layang sebagai simbol kuasa peribadi. Bendera itulah yang berkibar di Berlidah dan dibawa di dalam kapal pembesar Melayu dan Dayak yang menyokong pemerintahan Brooke yang bergolak pada peringkat awal. Bendera itu kini menjadi harta pusaka keluarga Dayak di Saribas dan Sungai Skrang, mencecah usia 100 tahun pada masa Jepun mula menyerang Nusantara.

Sejarah Bendera

Contoh Armorial Bearings England
credits: wikipedia

Pada 1845, Rajah memutuskan untuk memberi Sarawak sehelai bendera tersendiri. Disebabkan beberapa perkara yang tidak dapat dielakkan, bendera tersebut dikibarkan pada 21 September 1848. Reka bentuk bendera dihasilkan oleh Rajah sendiri, terdiri daripada sebuah palang setengah ungu dan merah, berlatarbelakangkan warna kuning. Bentuk asal bendera ini berasal dari Armorial Bearings. Kuning dijadikan lambang diraja Borneo. Tetapi keraguan warna palang ungu itu diperjelaskan semula oleh Rajah Kedua dalam surat sebagai biru dan merah. Bukannya ungu dan merah.

Selesai mereka bentuk, Rajah Pertama memohon kepada Lord Palmerston dan Earl Grey (Menteri Hal Ehwal Luar dan Menteri Tanah Jajahan) pada 1845, meminta kebenaran dan pengiktirafan terhadap kerajaan Sarawak dan mengibarkan bendera Protektorat. Pada 1846, Lord Palmerston memaklumkan kepada Rajah Pertama bahawa permohonan beliau belum dalam diputuskan oleh kerajaan England. Bulan Mac tahun berikutnya, Rajah memohon sekali lagi. Lord Palmerston membalas 3 bulan selepas itu dan memberi khabar gembira.

Malangnya, Sarawak terpaksa menunggu 15 tahun (Januari 1864) untuk mendapat bendera rasmi dan pengiktirafan dari kerajaan England sebagai sebuah negara dan 35 tahun lagi (Jun 1888) sebelum Britain dapat menjamin naungannya. Setelah bendera itu berjaya dirasmikan, Rajah Pertama melahirkan rasa kesal kerana tidak memasukkan Union Jack bersaiz kecil di dalam rekaan bendera Sarawak.

Penceritaan dari Letters from Sarawak

Letters from Sarawak merupakan koleksi surat-surat kiriman Puan MacDougall, isteri Biskop MacDougall pada 1851 kepada anak lelaki mereka, Charley yang bersekolah di England. Surat itu menceritakan upacara bendera Sarawak dinaikkan buat pertama kalinya. Isi kandungan surat itu kemudiannya diambil dan diterbitkan oleh Persatuan Penyebaran Kitab Injil untuk mengutip derma bagi kerja-kerja gereja di Sarawak. Malangnya, Charley meninggal dunia setahun selepas itu akibat terkena pukulan bola kriket.

Antara baris ayat di dalam surat-surat milik Puan MacDougall ialah:

"Bendera Sarawak merupakan sebuah palang ungu dan merah, daripada baju perisai Sir James Brooke, dengan berlatarbelakangkan warna kuning yang merupakan warna diraja Borneo...Bendera ini diberikan oleh Rajah kepada rakyatnya apabila ia kembali dari England pada tahun 1848 dan saya ingat betul tentang majlis yang sungguh besar itu. H.M.S Meander pada waktu itu di Sarawak (nama lama bagi Kuching) dan pancaragam mereka memainkan God Saves the Queen sementara bendera dinaikkan buat pertama kalinya pada tiang bendera di depan rumah Rajah. Semua orang Eropah dihimpunkan di situ, dan kumpulan besar Bumiputera, Melayu dan Dayak. Berucap kepada mereka dalam bahasa Melayu, Rajah memberitahu mereka bahawa bendera yang diberikan kepada mereka pada hari itu akan, dia berharap, menjadi kemegahan dan perlindungan mereka, kerana bendera England itu miliknya...Orang-orang Melayu mendengar ucapannya dengan rasa penuh sayang dan hormat dan dari rumah saya di seberang sungai, saya dapat mendengar pernyataan gembira mereka..."

(Terdapat keraguan dalam kata-kata Puan MacDougall mengenai warna palang bendera kerana beliau menyaksikan peristiwa itu dari rumahnya di seberang sungai. Memandangkan beliau menulis surat itu untuk anak lelakinya yang jauh, mungkin beliau cuba memberi kisah yang menarik untuk tatapan anaknya)

Antara penulis lain yang menyebut tentang palang bendera Sarawak ialah penulis Gertrude Jacob dalam The Rajah of Sarawak (1876) namun penjelasan tentang warna palang itu dipetik dari ayat-ayat dalam surat milik Puan MacDougall.

Pembaharuan Bendera Sarawak

Pemberitahuan rasmi bendera Sarawak dikeluarkan oleh Rajah Kedua pada 7 Mei 1870. Pemberitahuan itu menitikberatkan ukuran bendera dan bilangan yang patut diberi di pejabat luar. Terdapat ayat yang mengatakan warna hitam digunakan bagi menggantikan warna biru. Mungkin dari situ bermulanya era palang hitam dan merah, menggantikan palang biru dan merah. Tidak ada penjelasan bagi perubahan itu kecuali surat-surat buku milik Rajah Kedua yang ditulis dalam keadaan marah-marah pada 1880, dialamatkan kepada Borneo Company Limited berkenaan dengan pengibaran bendera Sarawak di pejabat mereka di Singapura.

Surat itu mengandungi beberapa perkara seperti:

• Bendera Sarawak ialah bendera yang diatur di England di Pejabat Herald daripada Brooke Armorial Bearings.
• Perbezaan kecil pada palang, dari biru ke hitam, satu pembaikan pada sebuah bendera.
• Untuk nasihat itu, beliau membayar 100 pound kepada Pejabat Herald.
• Rajah Kedua memberi tiga buah bendera kepada 3 badan tempatan (S.P.G pada 1871, Syarikat Borneo pada 1874 dan Gereja Roman Katolik pada 1906)
• Bendera yang diberikan kepada Borneo Company Limited pada 1874 merupakan bendera Sarawak dengan tepi keliling berwarna biru. Terdapat sepucuk surat lain sebagai surat lanjutan yang bertarikh Mei 1880.

Walau bagaimanapun, bendera itu digunakan untuk seketika saja dan kemudiannya ditarik balik. Terdapat dua alasan yang baik; samada bendera itu terlalu hodoh atau orang Cina tidak dapat menerima warna biru di tepi kerana mereka menganggap warna itu tanda berkabung dan tidak membawa tuah dalam perniagaan.

Untuk bendera yang diberikan kepada Gereja Roman Katolik pada 1906, ia dikibarkan di hadapan ibu pejabat R.C pada hari jadi Yang Mulia Rajah Muda. Satu perbarisan kehormat diadakan dan memberi hormat dengan tembakan senapang. Upacara itu diakhiri dengan Mazmur yang dinyanyikan oleh budak sekolah. 

Rajah Kedua juga memberi kuasa kepada Encik D.J.S Bailey, pegawai kerajaan Sarawak (1888-1909) yang berkhidmat sebagai Residen Simanggang (kini Sri Aman) untuk mengibarkan dan menggunakan bendera Sarawak pada bila-bila masa  dan difikirkan perlu untuk memperingati khidmat murni dan cemerlang abang Bailey iaitu Demetrius di Sarawak.

@themagi2014

Rujukan:

Sketch of Our Life At Sarawak by Harriette MacDougall (Ebook Gutenberg)

Sarawak Long Ago by W. J Chater (diterjemah oleh Abdul Ghaffar Laili, 1994)

Bendera Negeri Sarawak Sarawak Government Portal

Hari ini dalam Sejarah by Hasfiza, 2012 Arkib.gov.my